Grammar

Conjunctions exercise

Combine the following sentences using appropriate conjunctions. 1. He was tired. He had been working for a long time. 2. You will win the first prize. You have to work hard. 3. He took out his brush. He began to paint. 4. Hurry up. You will be late. 5. She may be poor. She will not take anything that does not belong to her. 6. Something must have fallen. I heard a sound. 7. They must have fallen asleep. There is no light in their room. 8. The......

Present Perfect Tense I have sung The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English. In this lesson......

Rewrite using modal auxiliary verbs In English, we can express a lot of ideas using modal auxiliary verbs. The modal auxiliary verbs are: will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, used to and dare. They express ideas such as possibility, permission, prohibition, obligation, necessity, duty, willingness etc. Rewrite the following sentences using modal auxiliary verbs. Make sure that the meaning does not change. 1. It is not necessary......

Complete the following sentences using an appropriate word or phrase. 1. Do you enjoy ………………. models from clay? a) to make b) make c) making d) to making 2. While holidaying in Sydney, Martin …………….. a strong Australian accent. a) caught b) earned c) acquired d) scored 3. ……………………. he was, he played well. a) Though tired b) Tired though c) As tired d) Although tired 4. ………………. she was, she could not react at all. a) Though shocked b)......

A transitive verb takes an object. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, does not have an object. Study the examples given below. The peon rang the bell. The peon rang what? The bell As you can see, here the verb ‘rang’ has an object. Therefore, it is a transitive verb. Now consider another example. The boy laughed loudly. Here the verb ‘laughed’ does not have an object. Therefore, it is an intransitive verb. When an intransitive verb......

This grammar exercise tests your ability to make questions in English. 1. …………………… you received my letter of October 3? (do / have / will) 2. Why …………………… you crying? (have / is / are) 3. What ………………….. they looking at? ( have / are / do) 4. How much ………………….. that apartment cost? (does / have / do / has) 5. ………………….. you like Beethoven? (Do / Have) 6. What ………………………. ‘nepotism’ mean? (does / has / is) 7. ………………………. you show me your identity......

Complete the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction or preposition. 1. …………………. I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie. (Although / Even if) 2. We were late …………………. the rain. (because / because of) 3. We managed to reach on time ……………………. the rain. (because of / in spite of) 4. She went to work ……………………… her illness. (despite / because) 5. …………………… his best efforts, he could not pass the test. (In spite of / Because of) 6.......

Incorrect: He is going to home. Correct: He is going home. The preposition ‘to’ is not normally used with ‘home’. Incorrect: The children have been playing since two hours. Correct: The children have been playing for two hours. We use ‘for’ to indicate duration. ‘Since’ is used with the starting point of action. Incorrect: An ordinary man’s life is different from a minister. Correct: An ordinary man’s life is different from that of a minister. Do......

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause which serves the same purpose as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Adjective clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverb. Examples are given below. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. (Here the adjective clause ‘that wears the crown’ modifies the noun head.) Winston Churchill was a great statesman who also wrote many books. (Here the adjective......

The words some and any are determiners. They are used to modify nouns. Some and any can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. They show an indefinite quantity or number. There are some mangoes on the tree. (We don’t mention the exact number of mangoes on the tree.) I haven’t got any money. She has some friends in Hong Kong. Some and any can be used with both singular and plural nouns. Have you got any friends? (Here ‘any’ is......

A simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared with another things. Here are some common similes in English. As crooked as a dog’s hind leg If somebody is as crooked as a dog’s hind leg, they are dishonest. No one will trust you if you are as crooked as a dog’s hind leg. As fat as a pig If somebody is as fat as a pig, they are very fat. I must start dieting. I am as fat as a pig. As gentle as a lamb If somebody is as gentle......

Simple Past Tense I sang We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense i s the one we use most of ten. In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, foll owed by a quiz to check your understanding: How do we make the Simple Past Tense? To make the simple past tense, we use: · past form only or · auxiliary did + base formHere you can......

Present Perfect Continuous Tense I have been singingHow do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense? The structure of the present perfect continuous tense i s: subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb + main verbhave has been base + ing Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense: subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb +I have ......

Present Perfect Tense I have sungThe present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but i t gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because i t uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some......

Present Continuous Tense I am singing We of ten use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use. In this lesson we look the structure and use of the present continuous tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding: · Structure: how do we make the present continuous tense? · Use: when and why do we use the present......

Simple Present Tense I singHow do we make the Simple Present Tense? subject + auxiliary verb + main verbdo base There are three important exceptions: 1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary. 2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, i t), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary. 3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.......

Tenses The English Tense SystemThe links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense: · Structure: How do we make the tense?· Use: When and why do we use the tense?Some lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding. Present TenseI do do, I do Present Continuous......

Check the souund of these words in the dictionary.1. Breath/Breathe in deeply and then out again.2. Suits were usually made of wool cloth/clothe.3. I really loath/loathe the fashion of the 1980s.4. The medicine soothes/sooths the pain of the inflammation.5. The baby‟s teeth/teethe are coming through.HomographsSome examples of homographs: to lead /lɪːd/ lead /led/to read /rɪːd/ ......

-ed suffixThe morpheme -ed of the past tense (or past participle) is also pronounced in three different ways depending on the preceding consonant:ɪd after t and d painted /peɪntɪd/ founded /fɑʊndɪd/wanted /wɒntɪd/ rounded /rɑʊndɪd/t ......

Suffixes-s suffixThe morpheme -s of the 3rd person singular (he works), of the noun plural (books), of the genitive (John‟s) and of the contraction of is or has (he‟s) is pronounced in three different ways depending on the sound of the preceding consonant:ɪz ......

Exercise 15 Circle the word that is pronounced differently from the other three words.1. accident access accommodate accept2. sheep beer field people 3. angry jungle English spring 4. shout ......

UNIT 2 ENGLISH SPELLING AND SOUNDSEnglish spelling is a particular obstacle to non-native speakers. This is due to the fact that during the course of its history it has been influenced by numerous languages, especially by German, Latin, French and the Scandinavian ......

LEARNING ORAL ENGLISH

/s/Apart from the letter „S‟, the /s/ sound can be represented by a number of consonant combinations, which differ in pronunciation from the Italian: psyche, cellar, science, listen.Exercise 13 Tick the words that contain the /s/ sound.1. song 5. face 9. issue 13. disciple 2. Islam 6. city 10. months 14. sugar3. vision 7.......

/w/This sound tends to be pronounced by Italian speakers as /v/.Exercise 10 The teacher will read out the following sentences. Underline the alternative that you hear.1. There was only a little vine / wine left.2. Where is the vest / west?3. I saw a long whale / veil in the distance.4. What was under the wheel / veal?5. Her poetry has become worse / verse. 8/dʒ/When written with a „J‟, Italian ......

Tick the words that contain the /ɜː/ sound.1. Thursday 5. Tuesday 9. birthday 13. ball 2. does 6. work 10. turn 14. hurt 3. skirt 7. ear 11. bun 15. early 4. short 8. nurse ......

Exercise 5 1. We went to the theatre yesterday.2. He can speak Russian and German.3. Susan is famous for her Christmas cake.4. The pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary are difficult.5. We could ask them if they have reached a decision.6. A man and a woman were waiting at the station.7. They‟re going to the mountains on Saturday.8. The private sector is all economic activity other than government.9. Where are the spoons and forks?10. There were......

Some difficult sounds for Italian speakers of English/ə/ This is the most frequent vowel sound in spoken English, which can also represent several letters or syllables. It can be found in unstressed function words such as a, am, an, but, can, of; in ......

Exercise 3 Complete the transcriptions with one of the following /eɪ/ /ɑɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /ɑʊ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/1. make /m _ _ k/2. sure /ʃ _ _/3. bear /b _ _/4. island /- - lənd/5. employ /ɪmpl _ _/6. hear /h _ _/ 7. town /t _ _ n/8. home /h _ _ m/9. sight /s _ _ t/10. know /n _ _ / dipthongs: Answers 1 =/eɪ/ 2= /ɔɪ/ 3= /eə/ 4= /ɑɪ/ 5= /ɔɪ/ 6= /ɪə/ 7= /ɑʊ/ 8= /əʊ/ 9=/ɑɪ/......

Exercise 2 Check to the following sounds in your dictionary1. /æ/ /ʌ/ 2. /æ/ /e/ 3. /ʊ/ /ɒ/ 4. /ɪː/ /ɪ/ 5. /ɜː/ /ɔː/6. /eɪ/ /ɑɪ/7. /ʊ/ /uː/8. /ɪə/ /eə/9. /θ/ /ð/10. /ʃ/ ......

Exercise 1 Match the phonetic transcriptions with the words. 1. /ʃʌt/ a. later 2. /hɑːt/ b. joke 3. /θɪŋk/ c. heart 4. /wɜːk/ d. there 5. /leɪtə/ e. doubt 6. /bɔːt/ f. work 7. /puːl/ g. shut 8. /dɑʊt/ h. think 9.......

International phonetic alphabet symbolsVowels/ɪ/ pin, English, business/e/ bed, head, bury, exit/æ/ cat, bag, apple, black/ə/ the, a, woman, banana/ʊ/ look, put, could, cushion/ɒ/ clock, what, because/ʌ/ cut, come, mother /ɜː/ girl, burn, word, heard/ɑː/ car, art, heart, half/ɔː/ ......

Grammar

Conjunctions exercise

General grammar exercise

Intransitive verbs used as transitive verbs

Make questions

Conjunctions or prepositions

Mistakes with prepositions

Adjective clauses used as co-ordinate clauses

When to use some and any

Common similes

Simple Past Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Present Continuous Tense

Simple Present Tense

Exercise 18

ENGLISH SPELLING AND SOUNDS

LEARNING ORAL ENGLISH

Oral English

Exercise

Underline the /ə/ sound in the following sentences.

Some difficult sounds for Italian speakers of English /ə/

dipthongs

Exercise 1 Match the phonetic transcriptions with the words.

International phonetic alphabet symbols

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